Wednesday, June 22, 2016

VITORIA AND THE PIRATES

VITORIA AND THE PIRATES

 

Joan Blaeu (1640) Map

 

Terra Brasilis

Brazil was discovered in 22 April of 1500, by Pedro Álvares Cabral and his fleet. But only 30 years after the discovery, Portugal started to worry about Brazil’s colonization, pressured by the pirates that used to raid it seeking for “Pau Brasil”, or in English Brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata ).

This plant has dense orange-red heartwood that takes a high shine when cut, looking like ember (“braise” in old English or “brasa” in Portuguese). That’s the origin of its name meaning “ember like” wood.  The wood also yields a red dye called brazilin, which oxidizes to brazilein, at the time, the best and most popular used red dye in Royal Europe.

Modern Dyeing with powdered Brazilin; crimson red color dye bath from brazilwood.

 

In fact the whole land was covered with Brazilwood (or simply Brasil or Bresil) and for that reason it was called at that time Land of Brazil or “Terra Brasilis”.

The map below shows the exploration of Brazilwoon in Terra Brasilis. Pretty much the whole country.

Brasil+Mapa+Primeiros+Registros+Cartográficos.jpg (1191×1600)

 

With “the pirate issue” in mind, in 1531, Martim Afonso de Souza, commanding his mighty navy ported in Pernambuco, he was sent there with the mission of fighting pirates and establishing people’s settlements.  (Northeast on the map)

 

 

By not having enough resources to sponsor the colonization process, the King of Portugal, Don João III accepted the suggestion of dividing Brazil in pieces that would be later distributed to the ones that had interest and means to colonized them. To those pieces we give the name of Captaincies (Capitanias in portuguese).

 

  12 first volunteers presented themselves, mostly came from warrior families, travelers and sailors, people from the court but willing to do the bold enterprise. Among them there was Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, that got the 11th Captaincy as a donation from the Portuguese Royal Crown, that later would be known as the Captaincy of Espírito Santo ( number 9 as shown on the map).

 

 



THE CAPTAINCY

 

With the donation letter received in June 1st, 1534, Vasco F. Coutinho shore on a small beach on  23 May of 1535 where he set the first village,  that now is called Prainha de Vila Velha (Prainha = Small Beach) . Because it was the 8th of Pentecostes, he named the land “Espirito Santo” (Holy Spirit) in honor to the third person of the Holy Trinity.

 

To colonize the land he subdivided it within 60 of the men that came with him. To that division we give the name of Sesmaria a type of private property similar to a feud.

 

 

Because the village’s location didn’t provide much security against the native’s raids, Vasco Coutinho searched a better place in 1549, finding a rocky island, where he set a new village called Vila Nova do Espírito Santo. (literally New Village of the Holy Spirit). After that, the first village was called Vila Velha (Old Village) and so it is nowadays.

 

The constant fights with the native Brazilians kept on going until September 8th, 1551, day that the Portuguese had a great victory, and to celebrate and save that date, the new village started to be called Vila da Vitória (Village of Victory), now being known as Vitória.

 

Vasco F. Coutinho was more a warrior than an administrator, but some of the  buildings that he built can still be seen like the Rosário Church at the first beach he porte in Vila Velha, built in 1551. This is the Oldest Church in Brazil beign the only temple in the Americas that still preserve the History of Patronage  (Padroado)

 

Igreja do Rosário, na Prainha

 

 



image

 

Vitoria

Vitória is a city with old buildings. Even before being the capital of the Espírito Santo it had chapels, forts and other landmarks and buildings that are now part of the historical monuments that tells us the history about development, domination and fights against natives and pirates. Most of the  historical landmarks used to be down town which we now call historical center.

 

 

Historical center of Vitoria

Vitória is the 7th oldest settlement in Brazil.
You would kind of hope to see more of those historical buildings but most of them were gone in name of progress. Now the city tries to rebuilt and restore its old buildings but these are the ones that still remain and can be visited:

Escadaria Maria Ortiz
Vitoria was a famous target for pirates and being an island, and strong in its navy, it was also famous for its victories over them. During the colonization days the City was constantly attacked by pirates, specially the Dutch ones.
The Maria Ortiz Staircase is one of the most iconic and, somewhat folkloric places, in the city that is related to Pirates.
In front of the Eighth Park, you can see what nowadays would be a narrow staircase leading to the high part of the city.

Final de semana em Vitória - Escadaria Maria Ortiz vista de cima

One of the pirates that came to the shore was the (in) famous Pieter Pieterszoon Heyn, also known as Piet Heyn. He ported at where now is the Eight Park in March 10, 1625 and, with his mates, tried to conquer the island by taking its heart in the High City.
The invaders were surprised by the initiative of a young lady named Maria Ortiz.


Final de semana em Vitória - base da Escadaria Maria Ortiz

Maria Ortiz was a spanish descendent, born in 1603, and considered by many the first female brazilian heroin. While living in the Captaincy of Espirito Santo she led the resistance against the surprise attack of Heyn and his men.

She not only started but also encouraged her neighbors to throw boiling water, hot oil, embers, sticks, stones and everything but the kitchen sink on the dutch men, giving the Portuguese solders time to arrive and fight back. At the time the staircase was called Ladeira do Pelourinho (Pelourinho Slope) but it was renamed after her honor later in 1899.

“And I would have gotten away with it too if it wasn't for you…” by ANY Scooby Doo monster and probably Piet Heyn.



Pieter Pieterszoon Heyn, also known as Piet Heyn. Tried to conquer Vitoria, but failed. Then he tried to attack Luanda in Angola, Africa but couldn’t seize the city. Then, back to Brazil, he later tried to attack Bahia in 1627, failing too, but he managed to capture 30 Portuguese ships and a huge amount of the sugar cargo.



Some people say that Maria Ortiz was in fact a prostitute. That could be to the fact that she lived in the lowest (and poorest) part of the city and being an unmarried lady. Thing that was not common. But it could also be prejudice against the fact she was half Spanish, or to the fact that her family couldn’t afford a dowry.

1910 – The Eighth Park as how it look at the time. It used to be called Praça Santos Dumont



THE HIGH CITY
Final de semana em Vitória - Catedral de Vitória    Final de semana em Vitória - Catedral de Vitória - vitral por fora

On top of the staircase you can see the High City, neighborhood created to protect the citizens from the constant invasions that occurred on the lowest part of the city.

At the top you can see the Cathedral of Vitória and at bottom picture the Anchieta Palace, house of the government.

Final de semana em Vitória - Palácio Anchieta

It’s possible to visit the interior of the Palace during the week to understand a bit more about the politics of the place and a bit more about the role that Catholicism held in the colony. It may not look like it now but this was once a Church dedicated to São Tiago (Saint James) and a school. This is now one of the four buildings in Brazil that has inside the Mousish technique of Egrafito fresco. That consists in a white scratched draw on a black surfix. Pretty much scratched drawing.

Final de semana em Vitória - Salão do Palácio Anchieta

Many underground tunnels were built to lead people from the palace to other areas of the city, according to local stories more than six are known but the total number  is uncertain.

Below, previous look of the Saint James Church. (That’s actually a side view).
Morro do Moreno - Monumentos - A Igreja de São Tiago

Outside of the Palace there is an alley (very common) that leads to the Church of São Gonçalo. The legend says that people that gets married there has a long and happy marriage. The church date must be saved with over 2 years ahead.
Also built on the upper part of the city due to the insecurity problems of the lower part of the city.

Final de semana em Vitória - Igreja de São Gonçalo

 






FORTS

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FORTE SÃO DIOGO

The São Diogo Staircase was build aside of an old fort to protect Vitoria: The São Diogo Fort. It had the strategic location to monitor one of the accesses of the High City.  The fort was also used to defend great part of Vitoria’s bay.

The São Diogo Fort no longer exists. Due to the lack of space, the island expanded to the sea, expanding most of its old beaches and ports, making many of the old forts even more useless. This one being removed in the XIX century.

The local was previously called Ladeira da Pedra, or in English “Stone Slope” because it had no pavement at the time, being a rustic stair built by cutting directly on the stone that can still be seen on the place. This one in eclectic style was built in 1942.


Muros de pedra que envolvem a Escadaria São Diogo, marcada por suas muretas com figuras sinuosas
Forte São João- Curva do Saldanha.  Av. Vitória, 320 - Centro, Vitória (ES)

FORT SAM JOAM (now Forte São João)

It was in 1952, when the Dona Luiza Grinalda (widow of Vasco Fernandes Coutinho) used to rule the captaincy, that another big pirate ship approached the bay’s shore. The famous English sailor/ explorer /pirate Thomas Cavendish (or simply Cavendish).

To defend themselves, the citizens of the Espirito Santo improvised small fortifications, the first, next to the Penedo Hill (Morro do Penedo,) and the second on the Watch hill (Morro do Vigia). The last one being the base for the building of Sam Joam Fort, as it was called at that time .

Wall and cannons

They always had improvised fortifications that needed constant fix: in 1678 and 1682, the fortress was restored, but only in 1726, with the engineer Nicolau de Abreu that the fort was actually built: the one story building had a protective wall, merlons and 10 cannons. The first blueprint of the building has the date of 1767 made by the engineer José Antônio Caldas though.


It was once an expression of the will of defense against pirates from those people that used to live there.
The fort was fully active until 1888. After that it was sold and renamed as “Chácara do Bispo” (something like “Bishopp farm”). In 1924, resold, became the Triannon Cassino and later, in 1902, it was finally bought by The Saldanha Regatta Club (boat racing club) being now known as The Saldanha.

You can still visit the local, although you can see the cannons there on its outside, on the inside, you will see nothing but empty ballrooms.

















Thomas Cavendish (Trimley St. Martin, 19 Sep. 1560  Feb. 1592)
His first victim was in Brazil’s coasts, where he and his crew captured a ship with sugar and slaves. He took Gaspar Jorge as hostage being only released in the frustrated raid to Vitoria where the pirate lost 80 of his men.







Churches and Pirates

The whole captaincy had its buildings built strategically in high places to avoid, the unwanted intruders and to have a better chance to spot and fight them back.

Some churches were built high not only to protect the faithful pious, but also to spot the intruders and alarm the soldiers.

Rua Reis Magos, s/n. Nova Almeida, Serra – ES

Igreja dos Reis Magos (Three Wise Men Church)

Located in Nova Almeida (20 minutes from Vitoria) there is the Church and Residence “Reis Magos”. Also situated strategically 43,74 yards  (40 meters) above the sea level, where you can see everything around.

The building of the first chapel was helped by the natives from the tribe Tupiniquin. Under Padre Braz Lourenço orders, it was small and originally made of straw and was opened in January 6th of 1557. 
In 1615 the Church and Residence of the Wise Men was opened. The compound Church and residence has its walls made of reef rock and cement made of clay, sand, oyster /seashell powder and the whale oil.




Nossa Senhora da Assunção Church

Also built in a higher ground was the Nossa Senhora da Assunção Church. Built with the help of the natives, it had the same materials and purpose as the above: church and residence.

Now it’s considerate a Sanctuary named Santuário Nacional de São José de Anchieta, located on the city of Anchieta.

Santuário Nacional de São José de Anchieta, Anchieta/ES.

foto





That and many other cities suffered with pirate encounters in Brazil for over a century. Many battles were fought in their land and sea.

Therefore protective measures like building in higher ground, making thicker walls and hidden tunnels under constructions had to be taken.

And  that was all for today folks... Stay tuned for the next posts of the subject.


What PIRATE Story have you heard of your city? Got any to share?







Bread House



NAME: ___________________________  DATE: ________________
TEACHER HAIRAN                                              Cooking art


The bread House from Hansel & Gretel

“Once upon a time there was a bread house and…
…when they came nearer they saw that the house was built of bread, and roofed with cakes; and the window was of transparent sugar.”



The easiest way to make a bread house is to use templates.

Cut out the templates and use them as a guide as you cut you cookies to form the base of your little house.

To attach the pieces together all you need to do is to “glue” each piece  to each other using fondant or chocolate.

Once every is glue together and you have a nice and sturdy base, make the door and windows, if you want, and glue the four walls. When you finish, assemble the rooftop and glue it too.

"Nibble, nibble, like a mouse,
Who is nibbling at my house?" – asked the witch

Apostila 2

A Hairan elaborou esta apostila, de nível médio, com o objetivo de facilitar seu estudo de Língua Inglesa para concursos públicos. Estude e tire todas as dúvidas com seu professor.

Bom estudo!!

INGLÊS

ÍNDICE

INTRODUÇÃO................................... 3
Prepositions....................................... 3
Common Expressions........................ 6
Pronouns............................................ 7
Personal Pronouns............................. 7
Singular Plural.................................... 7
Singular Plural.................................... 8
Possessives  Pronouns...................... 8
Indefinite Pronouns............................ 9
Relatives Pronouns.......................... 10
Interrogative Pronouns.................... 10
Demonstratives Pronouns................ 11
Singular Plural...................................11
Reflexives Pronouns....................... 12
Simple Present.................................13
Interrogative Form...........................14
Negative Form..................................14
Simple Past.......................................14
Regular Verbs:..................................15
Irregular Verbs..................................16
INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE................................... 16
Interrogative form..............................16
VERB TO BE………..........................17
Present Continuous Tense...............18
Forma afirmative, interrogative and negative.............................................19
Simple Future....................................21
Adverbs.............................................22
Adverbs of Place (advérbios de lugar).................................................23
Adverbs of Time (advérbios de tempo)...............................................23
Adverbs Position..............................26
Present Perfect................................29
Present Perfect Contínuo Have/ has been..................................................29
Adverbs Present Perfect and present perfect continuous............................29
Numbers............................................31
EXERCISES......................................35
BIBLIOGRAFIA.................................66










Prepositions
Preposição é a palavra que liga dois termos e que estabelece entre eles algumas relações. Nessas relações, um termo explica ou completa o sentido do outro.

As principais preposições são:
··About – sobre; a respeito de- We are talking about the math test.
··After – após; depois (de); She arrived after the class.
··Against – contra- I God is us, who could be agaist us?
··Before – antes- The children before.
··Behind – atrás- The dog’s house is behind the garden.
··Beside – ao lado de- John seated beside his girlfriend.
··Besides – além de- My citie is besides that hills.
··During – durante- é usado para expressar períodos de tempo conhecidos pelo nome ou períodos que já foram definidos:
The students were laughing during the class.
During the Christmas./ During the summer. / During my holidays
··From – de; proveniente de; desde de; a partir de.
Where are you from?
··In front of – em frente de- That school is in front of the gas station.
··Inside – dentro; do lado de dentro- There was some money inside that wallet.
··Instead of – ao invés de- Why don’t you work instead of oppose?
··Near = next to – perto de- The bank is next to the post Office.
··Outside – fora; lado de fora -My cat is outside the house.
··Since – desde -I live here since 1997.
··With – com- Linda travelled with some friends.
··Without – sem- I can’t stand without your presence by my side.
··To – para; em direção a ; a; ao; à; até; para; a fim de; em; com; de; da ...
I’m going to school.
··For – por; em lugar de; a favor de; de; em nome de; para; a fim de ...
I’ll buy a new dress for my mother.
··Under – embaixo- There is a ball under the chair.
··Beneath – debaixo- Paulo went beneath the rain.
Normalmente são colocadas antes de substantivos ou pronomes. De qualquer forma, em dois tipos de construção é possível, no Inglês informal mudar a preposição para o final da frase.

1. Em perguntas começando com uma preposição + WHOM/ WHICH/ WHAT/ WHOSE/
WHERE:
To whom were you talking? (formal)
Who were you talking to? (informal)
In which drawer does he keep it? (formal)
Which drawer does he keep it in? (informal)

2. Similarmente nas orações relativas (relative clauses), uma preposição colocada antes de WHOM/ WHICH pode ser movida para o final da frase. O pronome relativo é, muitas vezes omitido:
The people with whom I was travelling. (formal)
The people I was traveling with. (informal)
The company from wich I hire my TV ser. (formal)
The company from I hire my TV set from. (informal)

Há preposições que apresentam variações quanto ao seu significado:

··Above – acima de; por sobre; por cima de; sobre (sem indicar contato); indica que uma coisa está em uma posição superior em relação a outra; mais alto que:
The sky is above us.
··Over – acima (de); sobre; por cima (não indica contato; expressa um sentido vertical entre dois pontos; mais que; mais alto que:
There is a picture over the door.
She didn’t eat over than five cookies. (Ela não comeu mais que cinco biscoitos)
··Up – acima; para cima; para o alto (indicando movimento)
Get up!
This side up..
··AT: - momento exato: at 8 o’clock.
- momento definido: at sixteen/ at the age of sixteen
- lugar definido: at school
- endereço completo: at 45 Main Street
- nomes de datas comemorativas: at Christimas, at Easter, at Carnival
- nomes de vilas ou pequenas cidades: at Areal.
··ON: - em contato com: on the desk
- nomes de ruas: on Main Stree, On CSB 08
- em datas: on Christmas day, on 4th July
- dias da semana: on Sunday
··IN: - significando dentro: in a cave, in a building
- cidades, estados, países: in Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil
- partes do dia: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening (but AT night)
- estações do ano, meses, anos: in the winter, in 1992, in July.

Common Expressions
AT IN ON
At once In a hurry On holiday, on vacation
At dinner, at breakfast In fun, in earnest On business
At war, at peace In love In foot, on horseback
At last, at least In public, in private One one’s own
In danger, in trouble On the contrary, on the other hand

Pronouns
O pronome é uma palavra usada no lugar do nome (substantivo) para evitar a sua repetição e concorda, em gênero e número com o substantivo que representa.
Personal Pronounsè São os que designam as pessoas.
··Pronomes subjetivos (caso reto)
Singular Plural
I                We
You         You
He           They
She        They
It
Estes pronomes funcionam como sujeito da oração, vindo antes do verbo:
She comes by train.

··Pronomes objetivos (caso oblíquo)

Singular                    Plural
Me – me, mim          You – vós
You – te, ti           Them – os, as, eles,      Him – o, ele                   elas
It – o, a, ele, ela
Estes pronomes funcionam como objeto da oração, vindo depois do verbo:
Give her a chance.

Possessives Pronouns
São os pronomes que indicam posse de um ser ou objeto.
··Adjetivos possessivos
My – meu (s), minha (s)
Your – seu (s), sua (s)
His – seu (s), sua (s), dele (s)
Her – seu (s), sua (s), dela (s)
Its – dele (s), neutro, animais
Our – nosso (s), nossa (s)
Your – seu (s) , sua (s)
Their – seus (s), sua (s), deles (as)
Têm a função de modificar um substantivo e deve sempre anteceder esse substantivo.
He wrote his address on the envelope.
··Pronomes adjetivos possessivos
Mine – o meu (s), a minha (s)
Yours – o seu (s), a sua (s)
His – o seu (s), a sua (s), o dele (s)
Her – o seu (s),a sua (s), o dela (s)
Its – o (a) dele (s), neutro, animais
Ours – o nosso (s), a nossa (s)
Yours – o (s) seu (s) , a (s) sua (s)
Theirs – o (s) seu (s) , a (s) sua (s), dele (s), dela (s)
Esses pronomes são usados em construções chamadas de double possessive (“posse em  dobro”):
A friend of mine = one of my friends
A cousing of hers = one of her cousins
An old friend dram of ours = one of my old dreams

Indefinite Pronouns
Os pronomes indefinidos são os que se referem a pessoas ou coisas de modo vago ou impreciso. São eles:
All – tudo, todo (s), toda (s)
Another – um (a) outro (a)
Any – algum (s), alguma (s)
Anybody – alguém, qualquer um
Anything – qualquer coisa, algo, tudo
Both – ambos, os dois.
Much – muito, muita; é usado para indicar uma grande quantidade de coisas que não podem ser contadas. Ex. I love you very much.
One – um, tal

Relatives Pronouns
Os pronomes relativos são assim chamados porque se referem a um termo mencionado anteriormente.
São eles:
Who – que, o qual, os quais, as quais, quem (refere-se a pessoas)
Which – que, o que, o qual, a qual (refere-se a coisas inanimadas ou animais)
Whom – quem, que, o qual, a qual, os quais (refere-se a pessoas)
Whose – de quem, do qual, da qual, dos quais, cujo, cuja, cujos, cujas (refere-se a pessoas)
What – aquilo que, o que, a coisa que (só se refere a coisas inanimadas ou animais)
That – que, o que, o qual, a qual (pode representar quaisquer pessoas, coisas ou animais)

Interrogative Pronouns
São os pronomes que indicam um elemento dentro de um conjunto, mas que não se define. São eles:
Which – qual, o qual, a qual? (refere-se a coisas inanimadas ou animais)
Who – quem? (refere-se a pessoas)
Whose – de quem? (refere-se a pessoas)
What – que, qual, quais? (só se refere a coisas inanimadas ou animais)
Who is that man?

Demonstratives Pronouns
Os pronomes demonstrativos são os que indicam o lugar em que uma pessoa ou coisa se encontra. São eles:
Singular    
Plural
This – este, esta, isto
These – estes,   estas
That – esse, essa, isso     
Such - tais
Those – esses, essas, aqueles, aquelas

This e These – referem-se a pessoas, animais ou coisas que se encontram perto de quem fala.
That e Those – referem-se a pessoas, animais ou coisas que se encontram afastadas de quem fala.

Reflexives Pronouns
Os pronomes reflexivos indicam que o sujeito a mesmo tempo e agente e paciente da ação. São eles:
Myself – me, eu, mesmo, eu próprio
Yourself – tu, tu mesmo
Himself – se, ele mesmo
Itself – se, ele/ ela mesmo
Ourself – nós, nós mesmos
Yourself – vós, vós mesmos
Themselves –se, eles/elas mesmos (as)
Oneself – a gente, a gente mesmo.
- Pronomes Reflexivos: uso reflexivo
Concordam sempre com o sujeito e aparecem depois do verbo (objeto) mostrando que uma determinada ação do sujeito reflete sobre ele mesmo: The boy hurt herself ( o menino feriu-se)
- Pronomes Reflexivos: uso enfático
Dão um realce ao sujeito ou ao objeto. Podem ser usados logo após o sujeito ou após o complemento do verbo.
She herself charged the tire (Ela mesma trocou o pneu)

Simple Present
O usamos para fala sobre algo que acontece o tempo todo ou repetidamente ou, ainda sobre uma verdade universal;
No futuro depois das seguintes conjunções: when, as soon as, until, before, if; Veja os exemplos:
Nurses look after patients in hospitals. (Enfermeiras cuidam de pacientes em hospitais)
I usually go away at weekends. (Eu sempre saio aos fins de semana)
The Earth goes round the Sun (A Terra gira em torno do Sol).
When she arrives I will ask her.(Quando ela chegar eu a perguntarei)
Lembre-se que na 3ª pessoa do singular (HE, SHE, IT) sempre usamos o S ao final:
I work
He/ She/ It works.
Em palavras terminadas em ss, s, sh, ch, x, o e z acrescentamos o ES também
He/ She/ It:
You wash.
She washes.
Palavras terminadas em Y:
Se precedido de vogal: acrescenta-se apenas o S normalmente: say – says.

Se precedido de consoante: substitui-se o Y pelo IES: study - studies
Para as formas interrogativa e negativa no Simple Present usamos os verbos auxiliares DO/ DOES, sendo que a forma negativa desses auxliliares e DONT (do + not) e DOESN’T (does + not):

Interrogative Form
Do I/ We/ You/ They Work?
Does He/ she/ It Go?

Negative Form
I/ We/ You/ They Dont Work.
He/ she/ It Doesnt Go.
No exemplo a seguir o DO é também o verbo principal:
What do you do? ( O que você faz?)

Simple Past
O Simple Past expressa ações que começaram e terminaram em um determinado momento no passado. Geralmente essas sentenças vêm com um advérbio de tempo.
yesterday (ontem) the day before yesterday (anteontem) this morning (esta manhã) a week ago ( há uma semana atrás) in 1992 (em 1992)

Regular Verbs:
A maioria dos verbos da língua inglesa recebe a terminação ED no passado. Isso vale para todo e qualquer tipo de sujeito. Uma única forma de verbo que
corresponde, em Português, ao Pretérito Perfeito, Pretérito Imperfeito e Pretéritomais que perfeito.
Ex. to talk (conversar) – talked

OBSERVAÇÕES:
Aos verbos terminados em E acrescenta-se somente o D:               to remove = removed; to  love = loved.

Nos verbos terminados em Y:
- se precedido de consoante: tira o Y acrescenta o ED: to study = studied
- se precedido de vogal: simplesmente acrescenta-se o ED: to play = played
Nos verbos monossílabos terminados em consoante-vogal-consoante, repete-se a última consoante antes de acrescentar o ED: to chop = chopped

EXCEÇÕES: Nos verbos terminados X e W não se repete a última consoante: to fix =fixed.
Nos verbos dissílabos oxítonos com a terminação consoante/vogal/
consoante, repete-se igualmente a última consoante antes de colocar ED: to admit = admitted;
to control = controlled.

Irregular Verbs
Embora os verbos regulares constituam a maioria dos verbos na língua inglesa, temos que considerar os verbos irregulares. Veja alguns:

INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
To cut Cut Cut
To feed Fed Fed
To break broke broken

Interrogative form
A forma interrogativa segue uma regra bastante fácil. Antes do pronome acrescenta-se o verbo auxiliar DID, seguida do pronome e do verbo no infinitivo (DID = PRON. = VERBO NO INFINITIVO):
Did I  You
He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They enjoy?

Negative Form è Na forma negativa acrescenta-se o partícula didnt logo após o pronome, seguida do verbo no infinitivo (didnt + infinitivo):
I / You/ He/ She/ It/ /We/ You/ They
Didnt enjoy.


VERB TO BE
O passado do verbo TO BE (am, is, are) é was/ were:
I was
You were
He
She
It
We
You
They
was
were
Present Continuous Tense
Indica que uma ação está acontecendo no momento em que se fala, ou na atualidade:
We are writing a letter now.
Jeniffer is reading a book.
O Present Continuous pode ser empregado também em frases que denotam um
futuro provável, ações que pretendemos realizar ou que temos certeza de que irão
acontecer.
Estrutura do Present Continuous:
VERBO TO BE + VERBO PRINCIPAL + TERM. ING
Forma afirmative, interrogative and negative
We are speaking English now. Are you felling bad at this moment? It is not raining anymore.
I am looking for a teacher. Is she studing French?
ATENÇÃO!
to try – trying
to studt – studying mantém-se o “y” antes do “-ing
to play – playing
to carry – carrying, etc.
to die – dying Nesses verbos, substitui-se o “ie” pelo “y" e acrescenta-se o “-ing”.
to lie – lying
to tie - tying
to put – putting Dobra-se a última consoante quando houver a seqüência:
CVC (consoante - to sit – sitting vogal – consoante)
to swim – swimming, etc.
begin - beginning
prefer - preferring Quando a sílaba tônica for a última, dobra-se a última consoante também.
omit - omitting
occur - ocurring, etc.
to take – taking Em verbos terminados em “e”, substitui-o pelo “-ing”.
to have – having
EXCEÇÕES:
to live – living to be - being
to save – saving to see - seeing
to shine – shining to agree – agreeing
··Os demais verbos que não participam das exceções acima citadas mantém sua forma acrescida do –ing.
··Certos verbos não são flexionados no Present Continuous. São verbos que geralmente indicam um estado ou condição. Alguns deles são:
agree (concordar)
believe (acreditar)
belong (pertencer)
disagree (discordar)
forget (esquecer)
hate (odiar)
have (possuir)
hear (ouvir)
hope (esperar)
know (saber)
love (amar)
··O present do verbo TO BE (is/am/are) + going to é uma estrutura muito usada antes do infinitivo de um verbo que expressa uma ação futura planejada, quando falamos sobre ações que já estão planejadas:
 “... I am finally going to retire.” (Finalmente vou me aposentar)
Simple Future
Expressa fatos e acontecimentos que provavelmente ocorrerão:
They will arrive tomorrow.
Indica decisões tomadas no momento em que se fala:
The cell phone is ringing. I’ll answer it.
Oferecer ou pedir ajuda:
Who will help me?
I will help you.
1. Formation: SUJEITO + WILL + VERBO PRINCIPAL (no infinitivo sem o TO)
2. Abreviations Forms:
ll (will) wont (will not)
3. Form Negative:
I will not drink it. I won’t drink it.
4. Form interrogative:
Will they drink it?
5. Going to
Essa forma expressa a intenção do sujeito de realizar uma ação no futuro. Esta intenção é sempre premeditada e planejada; expressa também a idéia de que alguma preparação para esta ação já foi feita.
Ações expressadas pelo going to são mais prováveis de acontecer:
He is going to be a denstist when he gets the graduation. (Ele será um dentista quando se formar)
Ím going to to meet Tom at the station at six óclock. (Encontrarei Tom na estação na estção às seis horas).
Observações:
O will pode ser substituído por shall na primeira pessoa do singular e do plural (I/ We) em sentenças mais formais:
I shall do everything and we shall live in peace.
O auxiliar will expressa fomente uma intenção que não está certo que vai acontecer, enquanto que o going to denota uma probabilidade maior de que a ação aconteça.
Adverbs
O advérbio é uma palavra que modifica um verbo, um adjetivo ou um outro advérbio. Os advérbios, de acordo com à circunstancia que expressam, podem ser:
Adverbs of Place (advérbios de lugar)
Here (aqui, neste lugar)
There (aí, lá, ali, para lá, nesse lugar, nesse ponto)
Near (próximo, perto, a pouca distância)
Up (em cima, acima)
Down (abaixo, para baixo)
Exemplos: She lives there (Ela mora lá)
John Works here. (John trabalha aqui)
Adverbs of Time (advérbios de tempo) Podem ser usados no início ou no final da oração.
Now (agora, já, imediatamente)
Today (hoje)
Tomorrow (amanhã)
Last week (semana passada)
In 1997 (em 1997)
Exemplo: I bought this computer yesterday. (Eu comprei este computador ontem)
Adverbs of Frequency (advérbios de freqüência)
Twice (duas vezes)
Often (frequentemente)
Always (sempre)
Never (nunca)
Usually (sempre, freqüentemente)
Sometimes (às vezes)
Rarely (raramente)
Seldon (raramente)
Os advérbios de freqüência são posicionados:
1. Após o verboTO BE em orações em que ele é o verbo principal:
I am always tired. (Eu estou sempre cansado)
2. Antes do verbo principal:
She usually Works on Saturdays. (Ele sempre trabalha aos Sábados)
He never stays there. (Ele nunca está lá)
3. Depois do primeiro verbo auxiliar em orações com tempos compostos:
She had never studied French. (Ela nunca tinha estudado Francês)
OBSERVAÇÃO:
Os advérbios de freqüência com sentido negativo podem vir no início da
oração. Neste caso, deverá haver uma inversão do verbo com o sujeito:
She is never happy/ Never is she happy.(Ela nunca está feliz)
Se a oração estiver no Simple Present ou Simple Past, o verbo será substituído pelo auxiliar correspondente:
They seldom went out/ Seldom did they go out. (Eles raramente saíam)
Em orações formadas por verbo auxiliary/ modal e principal, inverteremos sujeito com o verbo auxiliary/ modal:
He can never get there/ Never can he get there. (Ele nunca chegará lá)
Adverbs of Manner (advérbios de maneira)
Quickly (rápido)
Calmly (camamente)
Happily (rapidamente)
Ex: She types quickly. (Ela digita rapidamente)
OBSERVAÇÃO:
Os advérbios de modo são geralmente formados de um adjetivo mais o sufixo – “ly”:  calm + ly = calmly
Adverbs of Degree (advérbios de intensidade)
Too (muito, demais)
Very (bastante, muito)
Almost (quase, perto)
Really (realmente)
Rather (antes, um tanto, melhor)
Quite (completamente, bastante, razoavelmente)
Ex: It is very cold. (Está muito frio)
OBSERVAÇÃO:
Alguns advérbios mantêm a mesma forma dos adjetivos dos quais são
derivados:
Far (longe)
Low (baixo)
Well (bem)
Fast (rápido, rapidamene)
Outros possuem duas formas, mas seus significados são diferentes:
High (alto) – haghly (em alto grau)
Hard (difícil, árduo, duro) – hardly (mal; quase)
Late (tarde) – lately (recentemente)
Near (próximo) - nearly (quase, por pouco).
Adverbs Position
Se houver dois ou mais advérbios numa oração, a seqüência será:
1º: advérbio de maneira
2º: advérbio de lugar
3º advérbio de tempo
Ex.: I is raining steadily in São Paulo today.(Está chovendo initerruptamente
em São Paulo)
Quando o verbo indicar movimento, a seqüência será:
1º: advérbio de lugar
2º: advérbio de modo
3º advérbio de tempo
Ex.: He went to England by plane in 1997. (Ele foi à Inglaterra de avião em
1997)
Se houver dois ou mais advérbios do mesmo tipo na oração, ficará mais próximo do verbo aquele que contiver a informação mais específica dentro do conjunto de informações passado pelos demais advérbios:
Ex.: I was Born in the morning, on april 15, in 1951. (Eu nasci na manhã do dia
15 de abril de 1951)
Se forem advérbios de modo, o mais curto precederá o mais longo:
Ex.: He is speaking low and continuously. (Ele está falando baixo e continuamente)
OBSERVAÇÃO:
Always, Never e Ever geralmente são posicionados entre o auxiliar (have/ has) e o verbo principal.
Yet (já); usado em orações interrogativas para indicar surpresa ou expectativa):
Ex.: Have you eaten all your desert yet? (Você já comeu toda a sua sobremesa?)
Yet (ainda); usado no final de orações negativas:
Ex. Train hasnt arrived yet. (O tem não chegou ainda)
Just (muito recentemente); expressa uma ação que acabou de acontecer:
Ex.: She has just last her last chance. (Ela acabou de perder sua última chance)
Laterly (ultimamente):
Ex.: I havent gone to the theater lately. (Eu não tenho ido ao teatro ultimamente)
Recently (recentemente):
Ex.: He has changed his job recently. (Ele mudou de emprego recentemente)
OBSERVAÇÃO:
Lately, Recently e Yet geralmente são posicionados no final da oração.
TEMPO FORMA EXPRESSA ADVÉRBIO Passado Simples
··
Verbo regular: term. ed;
··
verbo irregular: forma variada (observar lista de
verbos irregulares);
··
verbo auxiliar did (na forma negativa e interrogativa).
Ações acabados que ocorreram num tempo definido no passado.
Yesterday, last,
night, last week, last
month, two hours
ago, three weeks
ago, etc.

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Present Perfect
··
have/ has + verbo principal no particípio passado.
··
ações que ocorreram num tempo indefinido no passado;
··
ações que começaram no passado e continuam até o presente;
Already, yet, ever,
lately, recently, etc.
··
ações que acabaram de ocorrer.
Present Perfect Contínuo Have/ has been
+ verbo principal com a terminação ing
··
ações que começaram no passado e ainda continuam até o presente (ênfase
na continuidade)
For, since, lately, recently.
Adverbs Present Perfect and present perfect continuous
Since Desde Todos os tipos
For Por, durante Todos os tipos
Already Já Afirmativa e interrogativa
Yet Já, ainda Interrogativa e negativa

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Just Acabar de Afirmativa
Lately Ultimamente Todos os tipos
Ever Alguma vez Interrogativa
never nuca negativa
Infinitive
To be
To begin
To break
To bring
To buy
To come
To cost
To cut
To do
To drive
To eat
To feel
To fly
To forget
To get
To give
To hit
To hurt
To know
To leave
To make
To pay
To put
To read
Past Tense
was, were
began
broke
brought
bought
came
cost
cut
did
drove
ate
felt
flew
forgot
got
gave
hit
hurt
knew
left
made
paid
put
read

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To run
To say
To see
To send
To sit
To sleep
To speak
To stand
To take
To teach
To understand
To wear
To win
To write
ran
said
saw
sent
sat
slept
spoke
stood
took
think
understood
wore
won
wrote
Numbers
Abaixo segue uma lista dos principais números cardinais do inglês
1 - One
2 - Two
3 - Three
4 - Four
5 - Five
6 - Six
7 - Seven
8 - Eight
9 - Nine
10 - Ten
11 - Eleven
12 - Twelve
13 - Thirteen

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14 - Fourteen
15 - Fifteen
(.. sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen .. )
20 - Twenty
21 - Twenty one
As dezenas são sempre terminadas em ty (twenty, thirty, fourty, fifty, etc).
As centenas são escritas da forma "uma centena" e não "cem" como no português. Portanto:
100 - One hundred
200 - Two hundred
etc;
A casa dos milhares funciona como a da dezena, apenas trocando "hundred" por "thousand"
1000 = One thousand
2000 = Two thoudsand
Os milhões funcionam da mesma maneira, só trocando por million:
1,000,000 = One million
Nota: o divisor de milhar é uma vírgula ( , ) , ao contrário do português que é um ponto. Por
exemplo, 1,000 significa "um mil", e não apenas um. Um seria 1.000 (ou um vírgula zero zero
zero).
Exemplos:
345 - Three hundred fourty five
790 - Seven hundred ninety
1,630,014 = One million six hundred thirty thousand and fourteen

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Para pronunciar a silaba TH ao final dos números coloque a língua entre os dentes e sopre, a
pronúncia não é com som de S ou F.
1st - First
2nd - Second
3rd - Third
4th - Forth
5th - Fifth
6th - Sixth
7th - Seventh
8th - Eighth
9th - Ninth
10th - Tenth
11th - Eleventh
12th - Twelfth
13th - Thirteenth
14th - Fourteenth
15th - Fifteenth
16th - Sixteenth
17th - Seventeenth
18th - Eighteenth

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19th - Nineteenth
20th - Twentieth
21st - Twenty-first
22nd - Twenty-second
23rd - Twenty-third
24th - Twenty-fourth
25th - Twenty-fifth
26th - Twenty-sixth
27th - Twenty-seventh
28th - Twenty-eighth
29th - Twenty-ninth
30th - Thirtieth
40th - Fourteeth
50th - Fiftieth
60th - Sixtieth
70th - Seventieth
80th - Eightieth
90th - Ninteeth
100th - One hundredth
1000th - One thousandth

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EXERCISES
They haven’t _____ thought of it________.
a) whether /yet
b) then / also
c) ever / always
d) even / yet
e) even / only
RESPOSTA: D
Numa das sentenças abaixo o advérbio não está corretamente inserido:
a)I was rather cold yesterday.
b)We hardly work on Sundays.
c)Gary always is dreaming of you
d)He hasn’t met me yet.
e)They’ll travel by car.
RESPOSTA: C
They state they’ve been ther____________.
a)once
b)for the fun of it
c)on Sunday
d)in March
e)todas são corretas
RESPOSTA: E
The test was _______ no one passed.
a)very hard that
b)too hard for that
c)too hard, so
d)so hard so that
e)even / only

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RESPOSTA: C
Todas as alternativas abaixo trazem advérbios de freqüência, exceto:
a)seldom
b)well
c)never
d)often
e)regularly
RESPOSTA: B
You are a gentleman, and as ______ you must be polite to women.
a)yet
b)thus
c)so
d)sure
e)such
RESPOSTA: E
I noticed the student speak English _______________.
a)fluently
b)very fluent
c)more fluent
d)fluency
RESPOSTA: A
Complete o diálogo, usando os advérbios corretos:
- Hasn’t anyone caught the thief ____________?
- No, he hasn’t been caught ______. He will be caught ______
a)yet; already; at the moment
b)now; already; tomorrow
c)yet; yet; soon
d)still; yet; immediately

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RESPOSTA: C
They ran very _______ in the race but at the end they could ______ breathe.
a)fast, harder
b)fast, hardly
c)fast, hard
d)faster, hardly
e)fastly, hard
RESPOSTA: B
This is a ________ good course for you to take.
a)very
b)only
c)nearly
d)much
e)enough
RESPOSTA: A
(UNIP) It’s ________ honor to meet ________ young lady from ________ Sweden.
a)an / a / …
b)a / a / a
c)a / an / an
d)a / an / a
e)an / a / a
RESPOSTA: A
___ calculator machines he showed us have _____ intricate mechanism.
a)The / a
b)... / ...
c)A / the

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d)The / an
e)The / ...
RESPOSTA: D
________ lion is _______ biggest animal in ________ circus.
a)A – a – the
b)A – an – a
c)The – the - …
d)That – a - …
e)This – the – the
RESPOSTA: E
________ jealous husband is ________ unpredictable man.
a )A – an
b)A – a
c )… - the
d)The – a
e)A - …
RESPOSTA: A
Coloque o artigo THE, se necessário.
I) ________ silver of her watch.
II) ________ Doctor John.
III) ________ Red Sea.
IV) ________ Atlantic Ocean.
V) ________ Pacific Ocean.
a)I) The II) Omissão do artigo THE III) The IV) The V) The
b)I) The II) THE III) Omissão do artigo The IV) The V) The
c) The II) THE III) The IV) Omissão do artigo The V) The
d) The II) THE III) The IV) The V) Omissão do artigo The
RESPOSTA: A

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(ITA) ________ Pacific and ________ Atlantic are ________ oceans. ________ Alps are
________
mountains, and ________ Amazon is a river.
a)The / the / … / … / … / the
b)The / the / the / the / the / the
c)The / the / … / the / … / the
d)… / the / … / … / … / the
RESPOSTA: C
____ one-dollar bill is ______ useful thing for changes when buying goods.
a)The - a
b)A - an
c)A - ...
d)... - the
e)A - a
RESPOSTA: D
______ watches that they build in Switzerland have ____ high reputation.
a)The / a
b)The - ...
c)The / an
d)The - the
e)... / ...
RESPOSTA: A
You'd catch the train if you _____ earlier.
a)leave
b)lived
c)left
d)had left
e)will leave
RESPOSTA: C

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If Ted ________ another sandwich, he'll be sick.
a)had eaten
b)eat
c)ate
d)will
e)eats
RESPOSTA: E
His flowers ___________ better if he __________ them more carefully
a)would have grow – watered
b)will grow – watered
c)would grow – waters
d)would have grown – had watered
e)will grew – will water
RESPOSTA: D
If _______________, you’d have had a good time.
a)you go
b)you were gone
c)you was gone
d)you went
e)you’d gone
RESPOSTA: E
If he _________ thirsty, he'd have drunk some water.
a)is
b)would
c)was
d)were
e)had been
RESPOSTA: E

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Complete com o tempo verbal adequado do verbo entre parêntese:
I) They’ll stop talking if you _______________ them to. (to ask)
II) If you had told me, I _______________ you.(to help)
III) If you _______________ smart, you would buy that house. (to be)
a)I) ask II) would have helped III) were
b)I) asked II) would have helped III) were
c)I) ask II) would have helped III) wered
d)I) ask II) would has helped III) were
RESPOSTA: A
If she _______________, I'd have known it.
a)would had arrived
b)would arrive
c)had arrived
d)has arrived
RESPOSTA: C
Those students ____________ if they ____________ hard.
a)succeed – will work
b)succeeded – had worked
c)will succeeded – worked
d)will succeed – work
e)n.d.a.
RESPOSTA: D
No one ________ you if you'd not shouted.
a)would have heard
b)would hear
c)wouldn't have heard
d)will hear
e)hear

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RESPOSTA: A
Whose coat is this? It’s my ____________.
a)brother’s-in law
b)brother-in’s-law
c)brother-in-law
d)brother-in-law’s
e)todas são corretas
RESPOSTA: D
Passe para o Inglês: Os raios do sol são bons.
a)The rays sun’s are good.
b)The sun rays are good.
c)The sun’s rays are good.
d)n.d.a.
RESPOSTA: C
The women's room is here, and the _______ one is there.
a)mans
b)of men’s
c)men
d)mens's
e)men’s
RESPOSTA: E
Have you seen those _________ dresses?
a)ladies's
b)ladye's

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c)of ladies'
d)ladies'
e)lady's
RESPOSTA: D
She bought the ______________ food.
a)of the dog
b)of dog’s
c)dog
d)dogs’s
e)dog’s
RESPOSTA: E
Here you have _______ grades.
a)James
b)James'
c)of James
d)of James'
e)James's
RESPOSTA: E
Passe para o Inglês: Os sapatos de James são marrons.
a)James’s shoes are brown.
b)James shoes are brown.
c) Shoes James’s are brown.
d)n.d.a.
RESPOSTA: A

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Passe para o Inglês: A força de Hércules é insuperável.
a)Hercules's strength is unbeatable.
b)Hercules' streng's unbeatable.
c)Hercules' strength is unbeatable.
d)n.d.a.
RESPOSTA: C
There are my _______ toys.
a)children
b)children's
c)child's
d)of children
e)b" and "c" are corrects
RESPOSTA: E
I like _______ plays.
a)Sophofocles'
b)of Sophocles'
c)Sophocles
d)Sophocles's
e)of Sophocles
RESPOSTA: A
Paul ___________ half the work, when they ___________ in.
a)finished, came
b)had finished, had come
c)has finished, had come

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d)had finished, came
e)has finished, came
RESPOSTA: D
(ITA) I: Would you like some more whisky? II: Yes, you ___________ it.
a)has already drunk
b)have already drinking
c)have already drunk
d)have already drink
e)already drink
RESPOSTA: C
Which is the correct form?
a)The Mr. Patrick is our professor since March.
b)Mr. Patrick have been our professor since March.
c )Mr. Patrick is our professor since March.
d)Mr. Patrick has been our professor from March.
e)Mr. Patrick has been our professor since March.
RESPOSTA: E
He'd been a businessman before he ___________ an actor.
a)is becoming
b)has become
c)become
d)became
e)becomes
RESPOSTA: D

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(MACKENZIE) I: Was that 9 o'clock train? II: Yes, you ___________ it.
a)have just miss
b)had just miss
c)have just missing
d)has just missed
e)have just missed
RESPOSTA: E
(UNIP) Things ___________ a lot since October.
a)change
b)has changed
c)are changing
d)changed has
e)have changed
RESPOSTA: E
________________ his watch yet?
a)Hasn't he found
b)Doesn't he find
c)Don't he find
d)Didn't he found
RESPOSTA: A
Complete com o tempo verbal adequado do verbo entre parênteses:
I) You _____________ ever caviar? (to eat)
II) She ___________ just from France. (to arrive)

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a)I) Have you ever eaten caviar
II) She has just arrives from France.
b)I) Have you ever eat caviar
II) She has just arrived from France.
c)I) Have you ever eaten caviar
II) She has just arrived from France.
d)n.d.a.
RESPOSTA: C
Paul ___________ in Germany since 1998.
a)live
b)lives
c)will live
d)has lived
e)lived
RESPOSTA: D
My brother _________ to me for months.
a)has not written
b)has not being written
c)have written
d)don't write
e)doesn't write
RESPOSTA: A

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John lives _____ a farm; we live ______ São Paulo and my parents live ______ as small village
near Campinas.
a)at – at – at
b)on – at – on
c)in – at – at
d)on – in – at
e)in – in – in
RESPOSTA: D
During the week I get up early ______ the morning anjd go to bed late ______ night, But
normally _______ weekends I sleep _______ midday.
a)on – in – in – as far as
b)on – at – at – even
c)in – at – in – until
d)in – in – at – till
e)in – at – at – until
RESPOSTA: E
If you insist ________ going there, try at least to take some advantage ______ going there.
a)about – of
b)in – in
c)of – of
d)on – on
e)on – in
RESPOSTA: E

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I has been raining ______ yesterday.
a)already
b)always
c)since
d)from
RESPOSTA: C
Henry raises his voice, ________________________?
a)doesn’t he
b)did he not?
c)does he
d)did he
e)didn’t he
RESPOSTA: A
She doesn’t like pop-music but all the other people ________.
a)doesn’t
b)didn’t
c)do
d)don’t
e)does
RESPOSTA: C
I went to the football game but she _______.
a)hasn’t
b)aren’t
c)doesn’t

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d)didn’t
e)isn’t
RESPOSTA: D
Karen ______ make that mistake again.
a)have
b)don’t
c)has
d)do
e)did
RESPOSTA: E
He pays attention to the teacher’s words ____________________ everybody.
a)Neither does
b)Nor doesn’t
c)So does
d)So has
e)So do
RESPOSTA: C
Mr. Smith plays chess very well, and _______.
a)does Mr. Edwards so
b)does so Mr. Edwards
c)Mr. Edwards so does
d)so does Mr. Edwards
e)Mr. Edwards does so
RESPOSTA: D

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Our children don’t like vegetables. ______________________________!
a)Neither does John
b)Neither has John’s
c)Either John’s
d)Neither do John’s
RESPOSTA: A
They are always in a hurry, but today they don’t seem to be, ________.
a)don't they?
b)do they?
c)are they?
d)isn’t it?
RESPOSTA: B
David cut a piece of wood for the fire but his uncle____________.
a)does
b)did
c)don’t
d)doesn’t
e)didn’t
RESPOSTA: E
The book cost a lot of money, ___________________?
a)does it
b)didn’t it
c)don’t it

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d)doesn’t
e)do it
RESPOSTA: B
Complete com o tempo correto do verbo indicado as frases:
a) Take the money just in case you ________________ it.
(to need)
b) As soon as he ________________ back, I’ll tell you.
(to come)
RESOLUÇÃO: a) need (present após “in case”)
b) comes (present após expressão de tempo
as soon as = assim que)
Complete com o tempo correto do verbo indicado as frases:
a) Leave the money with me in case he ________________.
(to return)
b) She _________ while her husband ___________ the paper.
(to cook)
(to read)
RESOLUÇÃO: a) returns (present após “in case”)
b) is cooking / is reading (present continuous indicando simultaneidade)

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Complete com o tempo correto do verbo indicando as frases:
a) Waithere until they ________________.
(to arrive)
b) Be quiet! He ____________ now.
(to sleep)
RESOLUÇÃO: a) arrive (present após expressão de tempo
until = até)
b) is sleeping (present continuous com “now”)
Wake me up as soon as my brothers________________.
a) will arrive
b) arrived
c) arrive
d) had arrived

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e) is arriving
RESPOSTA: C
“Hello, Ann. What are you doing?”
“I _______________ my books.”
a) were looking
b) had looked
c) has been looking
d) am looking for
e) looks
RESPOSTA: D
Will you see her when she __________ ?
a) arrived
b) does arrives
c) did arrive
d) arrive
e) arrives

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RESPOSTA: E
"My wife learned to play bridge."
"How nice! We _______________."
a) play often that game, too
b) often play that game, too
c) also that game play often
d) play also that game often
e) play too often that game
RESPOSTA: B
I'm taking my umbrella in case it ________ later on.
a) rains
b) rain
c) raining
d) is rainning
e) rained
RESPOSTA: A

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A: I',m sorry: I forgot to post your letter.
B: Never mind! I'll post it myself when I _________ out.
a) going
b) am go
c) go
d) goes
e) gone
RESPOSTA: C
As long as I ___________ I'll not move from my home town.
a) lives
b) to lives
c) live
d) am living
e) to live
RESPOSTA: C
Numa das sentenças abaixo o advérbio não está corretamente inserido:

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a) He hasn’t met me yet.
b) I was rather cold yesterday.
c) Gary always is dreaming of you
d) We hardly work on Sundays.
e) They’ll travel by car.
RESPOSTA: C
This is a ________ good course for you to take.
a) enough
b) only
c) nearly
d) much
e) very
RESPOSTA: E
I noticed the student speak English _______________.
a) very fluent
b) fluent

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c) more fluent
d) fluently
e) fluency
RESPOSTA: D
They ran very _______ in the race but at the end they could ______ breathe.
a) fast, harder
b) fast, hardly
c) fast, hard
d) faster, hardly
e) fastly, hard
RESPOSTA: B
Complete o diálogo, usando os advérbios corretos:
- Hasn’t anyone caught the thief ____________?
- No, he hasn’t been caught ______. He will be caught ______
a) already; still; just now
b) yet; yet; soon
c) now; already; tomorrow
d) still; yet; immediately

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e) yet; already; at the moment
RESPOSTA: B
You are a gentleman, and as ______ you must be polite to women.
a) yet
b) thus
c) so
d) sure
e) such
RESPOSTA: E
Todas as alternativas abaixo trazem advérbios de freqüência, exceto:
a) seldom
b) well
c) never
d) often
e) regularly
RESPOSTA: B

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They state they’ve been ther____________.
a) once
b) for the fun of it
c) on Sunday
d) In March
e) Todas são corretas
RESPOSTA: E
They haven’t _____ thought of it________.
a) whether /yet
b) even / yet
c) then / also
d) ever / always
e) even / only
RESPOSTA: B
The test was _______ no one passed.
a) very hard that

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b) too hard for that
c) too hard, so
d) so hard so that
e) even / only
RESPOSTA: C
The clergyman _______ had a sore throat preached a fine sermon.
a) what
b) which
c) whose
d) whom
e) that
RESPOSTA: E
I know the girl _____ wrote you this letter.
a) whose
b) whom
c) which

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d) who
e) what
RESPOSTA: D
Were those the physicians to ______ you introduced you brother?
a) which
b) who
c) whose
d) whom
e) when
RESPOSTA: D
That’s the businessman_________ daughter suffered an accident this morning.
a)which
b) who
c) whose
d) whom
e) when
]

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RESPOSTA: C
The book ____ I was reading yesterday was a detective story.
a) whose
b) what
c) whom
d) who
e) which
RESPOSTA: E
Did you know ______ agoraphobia is a morbid fear of open places?
a) if
b) than
c) that
d) what
e) which
RESPOSTA: C

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The shirt ______ buttons are yellow belongs to me.
a) whose
b) which
c) whom
d) who
e) what
RESPOSTA: A
The lady _______ was here a week ago went to London.
a) which
b) what
c) whom
d) who
e) whose
RESPOSTA: D
I don't like people _______ laugh at me.
a) whose

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b) which
c) who
d) what
e) whom
RESPOSTA: C
His father, _________ lives in Rio, will return soon.
a) whose
b) what
c) who
d) whom
e) "b" and "c" are corrects.
RESPOSTA: C

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BIBLIOGRAFIA
DIRSON, Robert J. Graded Excercises in English. Ed. 1ª ed. Disal
JACK, C. Richards. Interchange Third Edition Students book 3. 3ªed. Ed. Cambridge University
Press, 2005.
MARTINEZ, Ron. Como dizer tudo em inglês. 14ªed. Ed. Campus, 2000
MARTINEZ, Ron. Como escrever tudo em inglês. 1ª ed. Ed. Campus 2002.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. Aprenda Definitivamente 100 phrasal verbs. 1ªed. 2003.